Islamic Propagation and Terminological Challenges: A Sociocultural Analysis of New Muslim Converts

Abstract

This study examines dakwah as a professional career, the organized sequence of roles, tasks, and specialized training involved in Islamic propagation that focusing on its practice in conveying Islamic knowledge to new converts (muallaf). Dakwah is treated as both an art and a vocation that shapes the identity and effectiveness of propagators; its success depends on communicative skill, pedagogical competence, and the ability to translate knowledge into practice. In certain cases, contemporary dakwah practitioners face sociocultural challenges that hinder career development and the effectiveness of propagation. These challenges include social barriers, biases, discrimination, weak social integration, limited mentorship, and constrained professional mobility within and between Muslim and non‑Muslim communities. This study raised the issue to what extent should socio‑cultural factors be integrated into the planning and implementation of dakwah activities to strengthen practice and outcomes for muallaf? This research adopts a conceptual framework complemented by fieldwork observation. Primary data were collected through direct interviews with propagators and muallaf, and secondary data were gathered via document analysis of relevant literature and organizational records. Data were analyzed thematically to identify recurring sociocultural barriers and practical strategies used by practitioners. The study finds that muallaf receive and apply Islamic knowledge more readily when sociocultural burdens are minimized. Key barriers identified are insufficient social integration, lack of structured mentorship, and low levels of professionalization among propagators. These factors reduce trust, impede learning, and limit the long‑term retention and practice of religious teachings. Conversely, interventions that address cultural sensitivity, community inclusion, and mentorship significantly improve learning outcomes and the propagator’s professional success. Addressing sociocultural aspects is essential for strengthening dakwah as a professional career and for improving outcomes among new converts. The study recommends that dakwah programs incorporate cultural competence training, formal mentorship schemes, and measures to enhance professional mobility and accountability. Doing so will increase the effectiveness of propagation, support propagators’ career development, and foster more inclusive community engagement.