Development of a Table Tennis Textbook Based on the Intensive Rally Training (IRT) AZA Method

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a table tennis textbook based on the Intensive Rally Training (IRT) AZA method that is valid, practical, and effective in supporting table tennis instruction at the university level. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, which comprises the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Data were collected through observations, expert validation sheets, student response questionnaires, and learning achievement tests. The product was validated by subject-matter, media, and instructional experts and subsequently tested with 20 students enrolled in a table tennis course. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the One-Sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test, and a paired-samples t-test. The validation results indicated that the textbook was highly feasible in terms of content relevance, instructional organization, readability, visual quality, and the application of the IRT AZA method. Positive student responses demonstrated that the textbook was easy to use, systematically organized, and provided comprehensible rally-training stages. Product effectiveness was demonstrated by an increase in the students’ mean score from 64.15 on the pretest to 82.95 on the posttest, representing an improvement of 18.80 points. The paired-samples t-test yielded a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, indicating a significant difference between learning outcomes before and after using the textbook. Therefore, the IRT AZA-based table tennis textbook is valid, practical, and effective as a learning resource for developing conceptual understanding and table tennis skills through systematic, progressive, and contextual learning activities.